ABSTRACT The Caatinga biome has plant and animal species that have developed mechanisms that allow them to resist the edaphoclimatic conditions of the region. Therefore, this work identified the phytosociological composition of a fragment of caatinga forest located at the rural community of Mocambo de Baixo, in the municipality of Patos-PB, Brazil, and analyzed the potentialities of the tree component by means of a forest inventory, considering the density, frequency, dominance, cover and importance values of the tree species, and the Shannon-Weaver and the Pielou equability index values of the adult and regenerating tree communities. A total of 1402 individuals were found: 534 adult, 510 regenerating and 358 dead plants. There were 10 species, 10 genera and 06 families of adult individuals, and 08 species, 08 genera and 05 families for the regenerating plants. The most expressive botanical families of adult or regenerating plants were Apocynaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae. Densities of 953.7 and 910.7 ind.ha-1 were found for adult and regenerant plants, respectively. The highest values of tree cover and importance were estimated for Aspidosperma pyrifolium. The Shannon- Waever and the Pielou equability index values were 1.38 and 0.60, respectively. Adult individuals were most abundant in class I for diameter (1.9 cm < D < 4.4 cm) and height (1.4 m < H < 3.4 m), and regeneranting plants were most abundant in class II (H > 1 m). The estimated volume of stacked wood averaged approximately 38 st.ha-1..

RESUMO O bioma Caatinga possui espécies vegetais e animais que desenvolveram mecanismos que as permitem resistir às condições edafoclimáticas da região. Diante disso, este trabalho identificou a composição florística de um fragmento de uma floresta de Caatinga na comunidade rural Mocambo de Baixo, município de Patos – PB, Brasil, e analisou as potencialidades do componente vegetal arbóreo através de inventário florestal, considerando os parâmetros de densidade, frequência, dominância, valor de cobertura e valor de importância das espécies arbóreas, e os índices de diversidade de Shannon-Weaver e de equabilidade de Pielou das comunidades de indivíduos adultos e regenerantes de espécies arbóreas. Foi constatado um total de 1402 indivíduos: 534 adultos, 510 regenerantes e 358 mortos. Foram verificadas 10 espécies, 10 gêneros e 06 famílias de indivíduos adultos, e 08 espécies, 08 gêneros e 05 famílias para os regenerantes. As famílias botânicas com maior expressividade entre os indivíduos adultos ou regenerantes foram Apocynaceae, Euphorbiaceae e Fabaceae. Foram encontradas densidades de 953,7 e 910,7 ind.ha-1 para adultos e regenerantes, respectivamente. Os maiores valores de cobertura e de importância foram obtidos por Aspidosperma pyrifolium. Os valores estimados para os índices de Shannon-Weaver e de equabilidade de Pielou foram 1,38 e 0,60, respectivamente. Os indivíduos adultos se concentraram na classe I de diâmetro (1,9 cm < D < 4,4 cm) e altura (1,4 m < H < 3,4 m), e entre os regenerantes, a maior quantidade foi observada na classe II (H > 1 m). O valor estimado do volume empilhado médio de madeira foi de 38 st.ha-1.

Abstract The skimmed goat milk was submitted to the nanofiltration process using a volume reduction factor (VRF) equal to 2. It was verified a rapid decrease of the permeate flux at a low time, with a continuous flux, caused by the reversible resistance, which is characterized by the standard and complete blocking. The combined fouling model was evaluated, including complete pore blocking and cake filtration mechanism, which described the skimmed goat milk nanofiltration behavior. For the VRF equal to 2 was determined the total solids, protein, lactose, ash, mineral fraction content, which increased successfully with the nanofiltration process. The Power Law and Herschel-Buckley models were fitting to describe the flow behavior for retentate, which presented the higher apparent viscosity.

Abstract This study sought to understand the development of Physical Education (PE) teaching work in early childhood education institutions in the cities of Grande Vitória (Espirito Santo, Brazil), and also to analyze the relationships established with official educational policies, the knowledge in the area of PE included in these documents, and the teaching of content related to education that was oriented to ethnic-racial relations in childhood. The research was methodologically guided by Activity Analysis based on Ergology (Schwartz, 2000; Schwartz and Durrive, 2007). The results indicate a distance between the official guidelines of early childhood education, Physical Education teachers and ethnic-racial knowledge. On the other hand, teachers rely heavily on experiential knowledge linked to their life trajectories and childhood to develop teaching activity in early childhood education.

Resumo Este estudo buscou compreender o desenvolvimento do trabalho docente da Educação Física (EF) nas instituições de educação infantil dos municípios da Grande Vitória /ES, bem como analisou as relações que estabelecem com as políticas educacionais oficiais, os saberes da área da EF contidos nesses documentos e o ensino da temática referente à educação para as relações étnico-raciais na infância. A pesquisa foi metodologicamente orientada pela Análise da Atividade com base na Ergologia (Schwartz, 2000; Schwartz e Durrive, 2007). Os resultados indicam o distanciamento entre as diretrizes oficiais da educação infantil, os docentes de Educação Física e aos conteúdos étnico-raciais. Por outro lado, os/as docentes ancoram-se em grande medida aos saberes experienciais ligados às suas trajetórias de vida e à infância para desenvolver a atividade docente na Educação Infantil.

Abstract The concentration of dairy products is widely applied in dairy manufacturing due to obtaining products with the high dry matter, added value, reduced volume, and an increase in shelf-life. Traditional thermal concentration processes are the most applied in dairy industries, however, high temperatures can damage the bioactive compounds in milk, in addition to modifying the physicochemical, sensory, and nutritional characteristics of concentrated products. This review summarizes the importance of replacing traditional concentration methods with unconventional non-thermal processes, which can bring an option to dairy industries due to the concentration enabling the preservation of proteins, enzymes, vitamins, color, and flavor of the product. Alternative methods, such as freeze concentration, membrane separation processes, and freeze-drying, compose recent works about new methodologies to concentrate dairy products without changing specific properties and increase the quality, which is one of the main purposes for the dairy industries. Through a comparative study with recent researches, this overview highlights some alternative concentration processes that can improve the yield and increase the quality of concentrated dairy products. With new environmentally sustainable methods and the possibility of reducing the costs of the concentration process, these emerging concentration methods become attractive for dairy industries from a technological and economic perspective.

Abstract This study’s main highlight refers to the utilization of concentrated whey, obtained from freezing concentration processes in ice cream manufacturing. The second important point refers to the comparison between dairy and whey concentrated ice creams’ Bifidobacterium BB-12’s protective effects under in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Both ice cream types showed bifidobacteria viable cell counts higher than the recommendation for a product to be considered a probiotic. The incorporation of such bacteria into both ice cream varieties showed the most important probiotic characteristic, which is survivability. Bifidobacterium BB-12 demonstrated survival rates higher than 90% after the upper digestive tract passage into the colon. In addition to that, the best protective effect was pointed out from whey-based ice cream testing. Considering such statements, the addition of probiotic bacteria and concentrated whey on ice cream manufacturing could be decisive when producing functional foods, providing benefic effects on the consumer.

Abstract This study’s main highlight to the effect of replacement of milk by different proportions of concentrated whey in the elaboration of ice creams and the characterization of their physicochemical and microstructural properties. Ice creams have high levels of total solids, acidity, and low pH values. All ice creams exhibited Newtonian fluid behaviors while the Power and Casson Law model adequately explained the flow properties. Viscosity and hysteresis area increased as a higher ratio of concentrated whey was added. Ice cream formulations containing a higher proportion of milk showed greater brightness, the ice creams showed a greenish-yellow coloring tendency. The overrun values ranged from 27 to 44%, and ice cream with partial replacement of milk by concentrated whey showed greater resistance to melting. The addition of concentrated whey did not influence the size of the ice crystals, fat globules, and air bubble diameters. However, the higher total solids content influenced the texture of the ice creams, promoting smoother and creamy ice creams. These results highlight the application of concentrated whey on the 50% substitution level, thus being an attractive alternative for the food industry, mainly about the cost-benefit and added value to the product, by enhancing the color, flavor, and texture.

Abstract Fermented milks, with diverse manufacturing, fermentations and specific strains, have been consumed around the world, with a millennial knowledge of their production. These dairy products have a potential nutritional value, taking food industries to invest, nowadays, in dairy products with a functional and healthy appeal due to the changes in the habits and diet of the population. The addition of natural ingredients from vegetables and fruits into fermented milks is a tendency nowadays. The inclusion of natural additives may change the texture, composition, sensory attributes and increase of the shelf life since some compounds are related to have a high antioxidant activity, which decreases the development of deteriorating microorganisms. These called bioactive compounds are synthesized by plants and also may contribute to the fermented milk formulation, in special from fruits, which increase the sensory acceptance. Several classes of fruits bioactive compounds are associated to several health benefits and are a base of many studies about functional fermented milks, reported in this review. This theory background becomes essential for future studies and dairy products development.

Abstract Freeze concentration process was used to concentrate milk until the third stage of freeze concentration. Thus, two samples of ice creams were manufacture, one with milk and the other with concentrated milk from the first stage of block freeze concentration, and denominated ice cream 1 and ice cream 2, respectively. Both ice creams were characterized according to physicochemical characteristics, overrun, microscopy, melting rate, texture, color, and rheological properties. The use of concentrated milk influenced the physicochemical properties of ice cream 2, promoting an increase in the total solids, protein, carbohydrates, and ashes content. Moreover, it was noted that ice cream 2 had a higher overrun, lower firmness, smaller ice crystals, and tended to color greenish and yellowish, however had a higher melting rate and larger hysteresis area. The models of the Power Law and Casson satisfactorily described the rheological behavior of ice creams, which proved to be a Newtonian fluid.

Abstract The skimmed milk was previously concentrated by the block freeze concentration and, thus, used in the manufacture of an ice cream sample with Bifidobacterium BB-12 addition. This sample was compared with two control samples, one ice cream manufactured with skimmed milk, and the other an MRS broth, which supplies an excellent base for comparison of the bacterial survival. All three samples were submitted to the in vitro gastrointestinal assays from the mouth to the large intestine. The initial Bifidobacterium BB-12 viable cell count (> 8 log CFU/g or mL) of both ice cream samples ensured their classification as probiotic products. This behavior was noted during all in vitro steps (from the mouth until the colon). From the mouth to the ileum was observed that both ice creams showed a slight oscillatory probiotic count. For the ice cream manufactured with concentrated milk, it was observed a high bifidobacteria protective effect in the descending colon, with probiotic viable cells count and recovery rate values equal to 9.88 log CFU/g and 112.02%, respectively. Finally, it was possible to conclude that as well as the ice cream with milk, the concentrated milk served as a succesful probiotic carrier.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a influência da velocidade de execução na percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) e o volume de repetições em diferentes velocidades. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 10 voluntários do sexo masculino (23,4 ± 5,4 anos), com no mínimo 6 meses de experiência no treinamento de força. Os participantes realizaram 8 séries de até 8 repetições com intensidade de 60% de 1RM em diferentes velocidades de execução de movimento: cadência lenta (6020), cadência moderada (2020) e cadência livre. Foram avaliadas a PSE (escala OMNI-RES) e o volume de repetição executadas em cada condição. Resultados: O número de repetições executadas nos protocolos de cadência lenta e moderada foi menor quando comparada ao protocolo livre (p < 0,05) a partir da 2ª e 6ª séries, respectivamente. A PSE no protocolo de cadência lenta foi maior quando comparado com as outras cadências (p<0,05). Conclusão: Os protocolos de cadência lenta e moderada reduzem significativamente o número de repetições realizadas e resultam em maior percepção subjetiva de esforço quando comparado com cadência livre.

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to analyze the influence of execution velocity on rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and on volume of repetitions at different velocities. Methods: The sample consisted of 10 male volunteers (23.4 ± 5.4 years old) with at least 6 months of experience in strength training. The participants performed 8 sets of up to 8 repetitions with an intensity of 60% of 1RM at different velocities of movement execution: slow cadence (6020), moderate cadence (2020) and free cadence. RPE (OMNI-RPE scale) and volume of repetitions performed in each condition were assessed. Results: The number of repetitions executed in the slow- and moderate-cadence protocols was smaller compared to that in the free protocol (p <0.05), as of the 2nd and 6th sets, respectively. RPE in the slow-cadence protocol was higher compared to that in the other cadences (p <0.05). Conclusion: The slow- and moderate-cadence protocols significantly reduce the number of repetitions performed and result in a greater rating of perceived exertion in comparison with free cadence.

Resumo Atualmente cerca de dois milhões de trabalhadores estão envolvidos com o transporte rodoviário, a principal modalidade logística do Brasil, sendo a maioria deles, autônomos. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo compreender a percepção que os caminhoneiros brasileiros têm de si próprios. Oito condutores experientes foram entrevistados a partir da questão “como é ser caminhoneiro no Brasil?” e seus depoimentos foram analisados de acordo com a investigação social de discurso. Cinco categorias principais foram encontradas, com subdivisões específicas, relacionadas com motivações para o trabalho, elementos contextuais, autoimagem positiva, grupal e negativa. Conclui-se que os autoestereótipos exercem importante papel na manutenção da situação de desvantagem e de precárias condições laborais deles.

Abstract Close to two million people currently work in Brazil's road transport sector, the country's leading logistical area. Most are self-employed individuals. The objective of this research project was to garner an understanding of the perceptions that Brazilian truck drivers hold regarding themselves. Eight experienced drivers were interviewed, starting from the question â"What is it like being a truck driver in Brazil?", and their responses were analyzed in accordance with social discourse studies. Five main categories – with specific subdivisions – were identified, relating to motivations to work in this area, contextual elements, and positive, group, and negative self-image. It is concluded that self-stereotypes play an important role in maintaining the situation of disadvantage and precarious working conditions that affect truck drivers.

ABSTRACT Unlike some countries, Brazil has a predominantly hydraulic energy matrix, a clean and renewable source. But, in recent years, both the non-renewal of the normal volumes of water in the reservoirs and the lack of consciousness in the consumption of water and energy have placed the country in a critical state of energy supply leading to many intensive policies to reduce its consumption. In contrast, energy from Photovoltaic (PV) on-Grid Systems has grown dramatically in recent years. In this sense, this study presents an analysis of the contribution of the energy generated by a PV on-Grid Systems to be installed in CINDACTA II, in order to make re-contracting a lower demand possible and also reduce electric energy consumption and its cost.

Abstract One of the main drawbacks of Element Free Galerkin (EFG) method is its dependence on moving least square shape functions which don’t satisfy the Kronecker Delta property, so in this method it’s not possible to apply Dirichlet boundary conditions directly. The aim of the present paper is to discuss different aspects of three widely used methods of applying Dirichlet boundary conditions in EFG method, called Lagrange multipliers, penalty method, and coupling with finite element method. Numerical simulations are presented to compare the results of these methods form the perspective of accuracy, convergence and computational expense. These methods have been implemented in an object oriented programing environment, called INSANE, and the results are presented and compared with the analytical solutions.

RESUMO Racional: Continua controversa a conduta nos pacientes com colecistite aguda: compensar o processo inflamatório e operar eletivamente ou operar imediatamente em caráter de urgência? Objetivo: Testar a hipótese de que a colecistectomia videolaparoscópica de urgência por colecistite aguda apresenta maior mortalidade que a colecistectomia videolaparoscópica eletiva Métodos: A partir dos dados disponíveis no Datasus, foi comparada a mortalidade entre os pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia videolaparoscópica eletiva por colelitíase e a de urgência. Foram realizados cálculos da redução relativa de risco de morte, redução absoluta do risco de morte e número necessário para tratar . Resultados: De 2009 a 2014 no Brasil, foram realizadas 250.439 colecistectomias videolaparoscópicas sendo 74,6% eletivas. A mortalidade no grupo de emergência foi 4,8 vezes mais elevada em comparação com o grupo eletivo (0,0023% vs. 0,00048%). Apesar da redução relativa do risco de morte (RRR) ser de 83%, no cálculo do risco absoluto encontrou-se 0,0018 e número necessário para tratar de 55.555. Conclusões: Apesar da redução relativa de risco para mortalidade ser alta comparando o caráter eletivo vs. urgência, a redução de risco absoluto é mínima, já que esse desfecho é muito baixo nos dois grupos, sugerindo que a mortalidade não deve ter muita influência na tomada de decisão cirúrgica.

ABSTRACT Background: Surgical approach is still controversial in patients with acute cholecystitis: to treat clinically the inflammatory process and operate electively later or to operate immediately on an emergency basis? Aim: To test the hypothesis that urgent laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis has a higher mortality than elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: From the data available in Datasus, mortality was compared between patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis and in urgency. Calculations were made of the relative reduction in risk of death, absolute reduction of risk of death and number needed to treat. Results: From 2009 to 2014 in Brazil, there were 250.439 laparoscopic cholecystectomy and 74.6% were electives. Mortality in the emergency group was 4.8 times higher compared to the elective group (0.0023% vs. 0.00048%). Despite the relative reduction in risk of death (RRR) was 83%, in the calculation of absolute risk was found 0.0018 and number needed to treat of 55,555. Conclusions: Despite the relative risk reduction for mortality was high comparing elective vs. urgent basis, the absolute risk reduction was minimal, since this outcome is very low in both groups, suggesting that mortality should not have much influence on surgical decision.

Resumo Parques urbanos do município de São Paulo contêm remanescentes de Mata Atlântica. No sul da cidade há 30 parques municipais, sendo os parques Santo Dias e Shangrila alvos deste estudo. Este estudo teve a proposta de levantamento da fauna de culicídeos desses dois parques no sul da cidade de São Paulo e avaliar a presença de potenciais bioindicadores e espécies vetoras de patógenos aos seres humanos. Os mosquitos foram coletados mensalmente entre março de 2011 e fevereiro de 2012, com aspiradores, armadilhas de Shannon e CDCs para mosquitos adultos e conchas entomológicas e bombas manuais de sucção para os imaturos. O esforço amostral foi avaliado por traçar uma curva de acumulação de espécies, e a riqueza total foi estimada pelo método jackknife de primeira ordem. Para comparar a diversidade entre os dois parques, foram calculados os índices de diversidade de Shannon e de Simpson. A similaridade na composição de espécies foi comparada pelo índice de similaridade de Sorensen. Foram coletados um total de 8.850 espécimes de culicídeos em ambos os parques. Coletas no parque Santo Dias renderam 1.577 mosquitos adultos e 658 imaturos, distribuídos em sete gêneros (Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Limatus, Mansonia, Toxorhynchites e Wyeomyia) e 27 unidades taxonômicas: Culex nigripalpus, e Aedes fluviatilis foram as mais abundantes unidades taxonômicas coletadas como adultos, enquanto em formas imaturas, as espécies mais abundantes coletadas foram Cx. imitator, Wy. davisi, Wy. galvaoi e Ae. albopictus. Coletas no parque Shangrilá renderam 4.952 espécimes como adultos e 1.663 formas imaturas, distribuídas em oito gêneros (Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Limatus, Mansonia, Toxorhynchites, Uranotaenia e Wyeomyia) e 36 unidades taxonômicas.. As curvas de acúmulo de espécies em ambos os parques ficaram perto da assíntota, e as estimativas de riqueza total foram próximas às riquezas observadas. Apesar da riqueza observada ter sido maior no parque Shangrilá, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os índices de diversidade mensurados. Em relação à composição de espécies os dois locais compartilharam 16 espécies, incluindo as de maior importância epidemiológica como Culex nigripalpus, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Aedes albopictus e Ae. aegypti. Alguns táxons de culicídeos são bioindicadores de condições ambientais nas áreas ou possuem potencial para veicular patógenos. Atenção deve ser dada a parques urbanos, com inclusão destes locais nos programas oficiais de vigilância entomológica e investigações periódicas na circulação de arbovírus.

Abstract Many parks in the city of São Paulo contain remnants of Atlantic Forest. Of the 30 municipal parks in the South of the city, we investigated two in this study (Santo Dias Park and Shangrilá Park) in order to survey their mosquito fauna and investigate the presence of potential bioindicators of environmental conditions and vectors of human pathogens. Mosquitoes were collected monthly between March 2011 and February 2012 using aspirators, Shannon and CDC traps for adult mosquitoes and larval dippers and suction samplers for immature forms. Sampling effort was evaluated by plotting a species accumulation curve, and total richness was estimated using the first-order jackknife. To compare the diversity between the two parks Shannon and Simpson diversity indexes were calculated. Species similarity was compared by the Sorensen similarity index. In all, 8,850 specimens were sampled in both parks. Collections in Santo Dias Park yielded 1,577 adult mosquitoes and 658 immature individuals distributed in seven genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Limatus, Mansonia, Toxorhynchites and Wyeomyia) and 27 taxonomic units. Among the adult mosquitoes collected, Culex nigripalpus .and Aedes fluviatilis were the most abundant, while the most abundant immature forms were Cx. imitator, Wy. davisi, Wy. galvaoi and Ae. albopictus. Collections in Shangrilá Park yielded 4,952 adult specimens and 1,663 immature forms distributed in eight genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Limatus, Mansonia, Toxorhynchites, Uranotaenia and Wyeomyia) and 36 taxonomic units. Species accumulation curves in both parks were close to the asymptote, and the total richness estimate was close to the observed richness. Although the observed species richness was higher in the Shangrilá Park, there was no statistically significant difference between the diversity indexes measured. Regarding species composition, the two sites shared 16 species, including those of epidemiological importance such as Culex nigripalpus, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Aedes albopictus and Ae. aegypti. As some of the mosquito taxa found are bioindicators of environmental conditions and have epidemiological potential to carry pathogens, we recommend that urban parks should be included in official mosquito surveillance programs, and regular surveys carried out to detect circulating arboviruses.